Anthropology interview

My uncle is the oldest son in his family. His name is Long Do and he is forty years old. He is a businessman and he owns the liquor store. Mr.. Long is a successful person in the family that everyone in the family admires him. He was born in Vietnam so he is Vietnamese. Mr.. Long came to America when he was twenty-one years old. His major was Business Administration and he went to De Anza College. He came to Northern California with his family and his siblings. HIS family and he was the first one that came to the United State.The reason they came here because they didn't want to live in Vietnam because the life over there was hard and deficient of all necessities. My uncle's father who is my grand father had to work for extremely hard and got poorly paid. His parents, my grandparents, decided to come here so that my uncle and his siblings could have a better life, better education to archive their goals easier. According to what my uncle said, † It was a difficult and tough tim e when I first come here. I didn't know any English and It was very hard for me to communicate with other people.Also he shared that he had to help his parents take care all the paperwork and take after his younger siblings since his siblings were very young back then. So he was the only one who was mature and knowledgeable enough to take care of the whole family. I can see that language is his first challenge that he has to overcome. Mr.. Long said that when they first come here they TLD have a lot of money so that everyone In the family had to work to make money. Mr.. Long had to work two Jobs and he had to go school at the same time. He started out with SSL class iris, then English class later on.He shared that it was a hard time when he first attended to college because at that time he didn't know any English and going to school was something that made him really scared of. He always nervous in his classes because he didn't understand what his teacher were saying and he totally lost In the class. At night, when he got home he always turned on the radio to listen to FM or AM, he tried to listen how American people talked and he learned from there. His parents and his siblings also had to go to the SSL classes as well because hey didn't know how to speak English at that time.He shared his tip to learn English that you should make friend with native speakers because you can learn very fast. His advice is also similar to what I did when I first came to America. I tried to make friend with native speaker so that I could learn English faster and it was really help me to Improve my English skill. HIS family and he also had to learn how to adapt to is freedom. Everyone has his or her own freedom in religion or politics. As time passed by, he gradually learned English very fast and he could speak and monomaniac with his teachers and friends in his classes more fluently.He says that the more difficulties that you go through in your life the more you become a stronge r and a better person and you will be successful in your life. They still keep in touch with people from Vietnam by phone and they go to Vietnam whenever they have a chance because they are now very busy with work. He said that he like talking to people from different ethic groups because he can learn new things from them. Even he used to suffer a hard time, he says that his life wouldn't be like this if his Emily and he stay in Vietnam.So being here is a better off for his family. They can earn money and help his relatives in Vietnam. The global process economic and politics have planed out in his family life. It was a wonderful time interviewing my uncle. I can see that he is a very successful man due mostly to his hardworking characteristics. I want to be like him and I have learned that there is nothing easy in life so I have to try hard in order to be successful like my uncle. The more you try the better off you will get later in your life.

Human Natures Tragic Flaw Essay

Do you believe there is a beast within man that tempts us to do wrong and commit sin? Or is it just human nature to be sinful? In the bible, book of Genesis, it shows how God created Adam and Eve. These two beings had everything one could possibly imagine, food, water, shelter, and the protection of our heavenly father. Their only rule in The Garden Of Eden was to not eat from the forbidden fruit tree in the center of the garden, but Adam and Eve were flawed and soon fell into temptation from the serpent, and ate the fruit. They went against God’s only command and made the human species sinners. In the novel, The Lord Of The Flies, a plane crashes on an uninhabited island leaving numerous boys stranded. These boys had to learn to survive without adults to make their food and provide shelter for them. At first they all agree to a chief, Ralph, and are willing to work together to build shelters, but as the novel reaches its climax, they turn savage which soon leads to the death of three boys. The author â€Å"William Golding† portrays that it is not human nature within ourselves that makes us act out, but when times are rough, violence and sin leads us away from the path of righteousness. Symbolism is used throughout the novel to show that things put in this world tempt us to act out. The biggest illustration of symbolism in The Lord Of The Flies is in relation to â€Å"the beast†. The Beast was introduced on the very first day on the island. A little boy with a mulberry-colored birthmark on his face educated everybody of a so called Beast, which he had apparently seen on the previous night. At the time, this was overlooked by the older boys as something in his imagination. As the story advances it becomes evident that the older boys begin to believe in this Beast. One evening Simon was spotted when returning from one of his nature walks, and Jack persuaded the others that he was the Beast. Each boy began pouncing on Simon, stabbing and beating him to death. This shows that a small thing, such as the serpent in the Garden of Eden, can cause fear and tempt us to do wrong, and in this case commit murder. Another example that holds much symbolic value throughout the story is the usage of the word â€Å"scar. † When the plane crashes on the lush island, it disrupts the balance and harmony of nature untouched by man’s influence. The twisted wreckage of the plane creates an imperfection in the peacefulness of nature, and leaves the beach a â€Å"scar† of what it used to be, stunning and unharmed by man’s vicious impulse. An object which also attains much symbolic relevance as the story unfolds is the conch shell. Delicate, fragile, and white, the conch is what brings the boys together on the first day at the beach. It is used throughout the story as an object of high importance and tradition, as it calls meetings together and determines who has the right to speak, depending on who is holding it at the time. It can be seen as a representation of law and order amongst the boys, as it unites them and prevents chaos from arising. As the book progresses, however, characters like Jack and his hunters put less and less importance in the sensibility and order in the concept of the conch, and finally disregard it altogether as chaos erupts over the island. This symbolizes the struggle of civilization and savagery, as Jack’s hatred of Piggy and Ralph grows and he and his boys resort to primal urges like hunting and killing. It is shown throughout the novel that although it is man’s natural instinct to cause destruction, it is not human nature to sin. We are tempted into sin by those around us, and even our own mind sets. â€Å"William Golding† beautifully portrays that it is not human nature within ourselves that makes us act out, but when times are rough, violence and sin leads us away from the path of righteousness.

Effective Communication Essay

Effective communication is essential for any Nursery settings too succeed. Its important to maintain effective communication within the nursery as this enables an open and honest approach between parents, children and staff. By using a simple tool called the 4Cs Model, which stands for Comprehension, Connection, Credibility, and Contagiousness are simple but effective way off communicating. It’s easy to understand and simple to apply to every piece of communication you produce at work whether it’s an email, newsletter PowerPoint. (Isabelle Albanese About.com Human Recourses). The 4Cs model is a useful tool for objectively evaluating the effectiveness of many forms of communication: what’s working, what isn’t working, and why.Effective communication is very important to every day work in a nursery we should implement skills that continuously develop to be able to use them effectively i.e.: newsletters, emails coffee morning with parents as this allows the staff to look beyond their self-interests and focus on what is best for the nursery. With the following here is a brief about how we can understand and implement the 4cs in the nursery setting, Comprehension making sure the message is clear and sharp, keeping it simple don’t go too deep. Connection amongst the staff is a vital aspect, it allows them to understand their reactions, wants, and needs through communication. When there is growth in the nursery there is constant change, it’s a great idea to get connected and stay connected amongst them selves and also with the parents and children. Credibility? the audience needs to believe who is saying it what is being said, and how it is being said. Otherwise, any connection begins to break down – immediately. Contagiousness ?In communications, contagiousness is a good thing. You want your audience to â€Å"catch the message,† run with it, and spread it around. To be contagious, a message has to be energetic, new, different, and memorable. It should also evoke a vivid emotional response. (Susan M. Heathfield).In the nursery setting staff collaboration is very  important for establishing positive relationships to respect and accept each other’s differences and work towards the common interest of the nursery. Also to promote direct and honest communication and engage in active listening with each other so the staff can reduce miscommunication, it will encourage them to share their needs with each other together as a team and will enable the company’s vision and explain that the key to realizing that vision is to work together as a unit. Here is a list of why staff should communicate in the work setting. * To maintain and promote good working relationships * To encourage the children to communicate effectively * To share knowledge and information * To ensure that everybody knows where they stand * To get their point across and ensure safety in the work environment * To help each other to understand how you are feeling and act accordingly * To work together * To prevent errors * Express your wants and needs * To help build and maintain trust * To negotiate and liaise with others (Claire Sherwood- Sunday, 25th September 2011) In nursery settings there will be huge numbers of messages every day. But effective communication is about more than just exchanging information; it’s also about understanding the emotion behind the information. Effective communication can improve relationships in the nursery settings work, and in social situations by deepening your connections to others and improving teamwork, decision-making, and problem solving. It enables you to communicate even negative or difficult messages without creating conflict or destroying trust.

Strengthening the effectiveness of curriculum Assignment

Strengthening the effectiveness of curriculum - Assignment Example Notably, due to the rapidly dynamic world which can be described as changing always, it is important to review the curriculum in education sector in order to ensure that it conforms with the changes in the world and society as a whole. On the contrary, this paper majorly focuses on way in which the curriculum can be strengthened effectiveness of the curriculum in Indiana. In addition to that, we are also to reflect on the relevance of state testing the content in the curriculum basing our reference in a bid to ensure that the students potential are adequately tapped to facilitate there success(Masters, 1997). On that note, the subsequent sections of this paper will be aimed at answering three important questions pertaining to this area in the educational sector. Evidently, in our district the curriculum in English is well document in the educational act in our state. Apparently, the standards set for the English curriculum are founded of some core fundamental principles which are: reading, writing, speaking and listening, language, media and technology(English, 2008). These goals are aimed at ensuring that the students are prepared adequately for the career and college literate as they clear their high school. First and foremost, reading entails, as the student increases in grade the complexity of the same increase. On that note, the comprehension in the reading is also expected in the curriculum on the part of the student(Masters, 1997). Notably, the policy of our district postulates that in the grade ten level of the student should have advanced reading skills and therefore, appropriate literature of adequate complexity should be used for teaching purposes(Ferlazzo, 2010). In addition to that, the laws also go ahead to even specify the re quired books for the teaching in schools.Evidently, the choice of these books is done by professionals and is drawn on the basis of improving the language skills of the student while at the same time is to be tested in form of

Client-Server Communications Technology Research Paper

Client-Server Communications Technology - Research Paper Example In the structure of the client-server network we have two separate methods that are employed in information, data communications, and transfer valuable data. Every method of data communication has its own advantages and limitations. We categorize the structure of the client-server network communication in connection-oriented method and the connectionless communication methods: Connection-oriented  communication method:   This scheme needs an early communication session association (that is comparable phone call systems) which will be recognized previous to some data and information can be sent. This technique is frequently acknowledged as a "dependable and more reliable" network communication service. It is able to assure that information and data will reach the destination similar order. Connection-oriented communication mode and services establish (set-up) virtual connection among end systems in the course of a client-server network (Tenenbom, 1996). If you need to make certain that a particular data arrives at its destination, then this method can be used. This method gives a response to show that data was received successfully (Nash, 2000). Connectionless communication method:  Ã‚  This is similar to the posting a letter. One the letter has been posted then there is no response regarding its arrival, whether it arrived or not. This is a faster way of communication due to less overhead (Nash, 2000). This way of data and information communication does not need a startup session association among receiver and sender. The sender just initiates the course of the transmitting data packets (those are acknowledged here as datagrams) to the destination host. This way of data communication is not as consistent as compared to the connection-oriented technique, on the other hand, it is helpful for episodic or one by on burst transfers. Neither communication systems have to uphold communication state information intended for the arrangement that they drive transmission to or take delivery of transmission from. A connectionless communication network presents minimum services.

What major internal and external conflicts does the protagonist face Essay

What major internal and external conflicts does the protagonist face - Essay Example s to intervene to help and guide her (symbolically he wants to guide her throughout her life) and at the same time realization dawns on upon him that she has to charter her own course in life. She is the articulator of her destiny. Richard Wilbur compares the writing process to a ship at sail on a body of water by using the rhetorical device of diction. His diction is the pointer to the imagery of a ship to imply that his daughter’s story writing is more than an activity of language: that exercise is like a journey at sea; and his house, the ship and he watching with concern the process of her creating the charter for her life. The protagonist, as the father, wants to give his best to his daughter, but he aware of his limitations. â€Å"My daughter is writing a story,† (l.3) he asserts, and the profound turmoil in his inner world can be gauged by his concern that his daughter is creating a path for herself. The time of trials and tribulations in life has arrived in her life and the father is worried whether she will be able to tackle them effectively. He wants to be with her at every step, offer his helping hand, but he realizes he cannot do that. He chooses the next option, to present before her his own life experiences so that she can pick up some hard lessons from it. The speaker writes: â€Å"It is always a matter, my darling, / Of life or death, as I had forgotten.†(l, 31-32) Mapping out one’s own life is the toughest option for an individual. He is happy that he has taught her to be an independent thinker, but he desires to make her stronger mentally and infuse confidence in her to face life of her own. Wilbur has used writing as a discipline to challenge life. The lesson ingrained in the poem, and the message that he wants to give to is daughter is, as the wise saying goes, â€Å"The pen is mightier than the sword.† The noise of the keyboard relates to the process of struggle the daughter is undergoing and he watches that activity with concern and

A Personal Definition of Innovation, creativity and Invention Essay

A Personal Definition of Innovation, creativity and Invention - Essay Example Innovation Innovation is creating something new or generating an idea into reality and use. Ideas are turned into facts which can be incorporated in activities to better their efficiency. Information and knowledge available and which is relevant is synthesized and produced in a new way that it has value in new processes, strategies, products and services (Rigby, 2009). It involves a creative process in assessing available body of knowledge. Ideas developed and expressed without use in current circumstance are useless. Innovation considers that provided information and expressed ideas should be continually analyzed and productive ideas generated to help correct, advance or improve existing activities. An invention is a discovery that has a unique function. Formulation of an invention could be from an existing idea or innovation. They are in most circumstances recognized and protected as patent. It incorporates creativity where certain ideas or possibilities are combined together to id entify an existing relationship and hence creates a lasting solution to a given problem. Creativity therefore encompasses all processes of recognizing ideas that can be of use. It can simply be for purpose of amusing ourselves or communicating information to others. Ideas in this perspective are required to be unique (Pisano, 2009). Creativity is fundamental to all processes involved in innovation and invention. Creativity is designed to generate ideas and present alternatives while invention requires that provided ideas can be used to create a change and add value. Businesses ensure that they sustain innovation culture in their activities so as to have a competitive advantage in the market. In the case of invention there exists the concept of introducing something new that has never existed. Invention is created through making improvement of existing things (Pisano, 2009). People within the field where invention is taking place might be aware of it but importance lies on how it is represented to be unique from what others see and know. As creativity is thinking of new things, innovation is doing new things and invention is doing unique things. Innovation therefore will tend to help create improvements and cause changes so that there will be efficiency and effectiveness in doing things. New ways are researched to produce and improve creativity and help in producing something in newer and improved form. Technical/Traditional Problem Solving Finding of a solution for every problem is essential in any setup. Traditional problem solving process required that a problem to be identified, defined and analyzed and several solutions which can solve problem be chosen. A chosen solution is implemented and if it does not solve the problem another solution is selected. It involved trial and error methods (Pisano, 2009). Creative/Intuitive Problem Solving Creative problem solving involves coming up with solutions to fix problems by thinking critically. This could be induced by situations, opportunities or challenges while undertaking certain activities. Creative problem solving requires assimilation of innovative approaches to solve the problem. It involves careful selection of options of which are guaranteed to some extent that they will solve the problem. Many varied and unusual options are generated and well analyzed considering perceived extend of their solving problem (Rigby, 2009). Thinking is then focused

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Leadership - Essay Example In the film Dead Poet’s Society, by Peter Weir, Mr. Keating, is an English teacher at an old preparatory school, who steers his students to greater heights, by teaching his students, through experience, how to think critically. Dead Poet’s Society features a leader, Mr. Keating, an English teacher, who is very disturbing, but at the same time curiously inspiring. Mr. Keating steers his students to love learning and poetry, completely changing their controlled and structured academic existence. He crosses boundaries that should otherwise not be crossed by someone traditionally demanding of respect and authority. He arrives at Hillside Academy, a preparatory school for old boys, to start working as an English teacher. He is an inspirational and involved teacher, who uses declarations, "Carp Per Diem† to conquer the day. Among others, he quotes Whitman Walt and relates his overall theme of rising above mediocrity and convention, to these literary passages. He encourages his students to approach learning through a more intuitive and deeper understanding of life from literature, as opposed to rote memorization and structure. Mr. Keating illustrates two different methods of leadership. It displays individual reactions to each other, and the consequences of these leadership methods. The leadership approach of Mr. Keating’s creates a strong student- teacher bond thus empowering them to be successful. In his classroom, students have no other choice than to think for themselves. Keating’s actions and words strengthen his personal connection to his students as well as a sense of trust. Trust goes a long way in creating respect, concern, fairness and understanding. However, he at times sets up himself as the only one who can lead students to this greater understanding, but his motivation is wholly admirable. This attempt, unconscious about his part, paradoxically creates a similar situation that

Edgar Degas Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Edgar Degas - Research Paper Example Moreover, being a romantic and lively creative person, he also drew the exotic pictures of women, which maintain perpetual captivation and unabated fascination in it. It is therefore his work experience splendid acknowledgement and admiration. Though, he could not earn fame in the beginning, and had to make hard efforts to win the attention of the art-lovers, yet he left his contemporary artists far behind by dint of his intelligent creativity and superb imagination. Consequently, his paintings are still making business in almost all parts of the globe. Aspects of Degass work - mainly, his ballet paintings from the 1880s - have long been popular with a broad audience; too much so for their own good. (artchive.com) The bath and combing oil paintings of women, produced by Degas, remind the literary viewers the most glamorous character of Belinda and her dressing room created by famous English poet of Classical Era Alexander Pope in his wonderful poem Rape of the Lock. Belinda is viewed as the most glamorous character ever created in the history of Continental Literature. Being the lover of art, I also appreciate the paintings created by Degas related to the bath and toilette, where he has skillfully drawn every crease of the body while drawing the sketch of the woman after bath. The color combination of the landscape is very close to natural beauty. The picture also reveals deep observation of this proficient artist, who has included everything that essential in a fashionable toilette of the ladies belonging to elite stratum of socie ty. It is therefore the future artists imitate his style and try to make portraits and drawings in the same lines adopted by

Environmental Ethical Issues Essay Example for Free

Environmental Ethical Issues Essay Contemporary environmental ethics emerged as an academic discipline in the 1970’s, as nature was the focus of much of the nineteenth and twentieth century philosophy. † In the past thirty years society started the questioning and thinking of the relationship of human beings with the natural environment. This reflected an already widespread perception in the 1960’s that the twentieth century faced a population time bomb and a serious environmental crisis. The commercial farming practices impacted environmental and public health concerns. The chemicals used in farming on the crops are harmful and could cause health problems for society. This is an ethical issue when they know that harm can humans but making a profit comes first. On the other hand we now know that they are harmful and the government is trying to regulate the chemicals used. I believe it works in some instances but not with everyone. Discovered in 1968, by Stanford ecologist, Paul Eehrlich, warned that the growth of human population and viability of planetary life support systems are in trouble. Pollution is due to the overuse of our capacities. The government attempts to reach a common ground and change how areas are populated. They regulate what we build and how far apart we can. They also make wildlife preserves to protect animals from extension. They also make sure that protected trees are left and they also keep certain animal species protected. They are seeing the over population and starting to see that we need to do to keep our population free of overpopulation. In the past our society either turned a deaf eye or did not exactly know the consequences of what was happening in society. If we keep the idea and ethics in the environment we will make a huge change in society. Animal rights activist are concerned about the rights of animals. I do believe that animals should have rights to but I also feel that in rats and other rodents we need testing to help save some lives. If we did not use them then we would not find cures for cancer, aids and many other life threatening diseases. If we do not use animals then what do we use? In the past this was not a concern because it did not raise such an environmental ethical issue. Today we know more and many more people are concerned of what happens to them and why we are using animals. I feel that we should use animals instead of humans. Humans are also used in studies and things happen to them just like animals. I feel that this is not ethical. I know that sometimes they use a placebo and then a drug that could save a persons life. What if you were the one that got the placebo? Would that make you and your family feel good knowing that something could have saved your life? I was personally involved in an environmental ethical issue where I lived. It was a highly published case that really caused a lot of controversy in the news and with society. I lived off of Marlee, which was about a mile away from the area of contamination. The government did know that the chemicals were being dumped and covered up. After many years of covering it up, it came out in the news. It kind of reminded me of the movie with Julia Roberts Erin Brocovitch. Everyone was located and had meetings to discuss the health problems that the people that grew up along there had been experiencing. Myself being one of them, having cysts on my ovaries at 9 years of age. I knew so many people who died from cancer at an early age. I was friends with many people who had miscarriages. It was very bad time in our lives and devastating that the people had to suffer because someone wanted to save money. I can promise you one thing that the company paid a lot more after the fact then they would have if they disposed of the waste properly. I know that the peoples life expectancy in the neighborhood I lived in I only about 50-60 which is rater young. If our society would all do there part and not expect that is will just change itself we will live in an environmental ethical society. The new saying is† think green† and I have even been making sure not to print something unless absolutely needed. It is going to take an effort on al people not just some to change our society and make it a more environmental ethical place to live. Ruggiero, V. R. , (2008). Thinking critically about ethical issues. McGraw Hill. Boston.

Rate of Reaction and Yield Conversion | Experiment

Rate of Reaction and Yield Conversion | Experiment At the outset, the objective of this experiment is to scrutinize the rate of reaction and the yield conversion. And the foremost principal that should be applied in order to determine both rate of reaction and yield conversion is material balance for batch reactions. As the experiment go on, students are supposed to perceive the factors catering the yield, rate of reaction and also the conversion. According to the hypothesis of the experiment, with the increment of ethyl acetate (reactant) from 0.1M to 0.2M the rate of reaction should gradually increase, leading to an augmentation of the rate of reaction as well as the conversion of sodium acetate from sodium hydroxide. Secondly, the theories that students must be acquainted with is, batch reaction, conversion, rate of reaction, conductivity yield and saponification. Saponification is an essential theory that drive the whole experiment, as it function by hydrolyzing an ester, forming a acidic salt and alcohol. With the absence of the pertinent knowledge of saponification, the experiment will not be successful. Thirdly, the modus operandi of the experiment, it comprises of 3 focal steps, preparation of reactant, experimental arrangement and procedure to be carried out during experiment. Students are to be particularly vigilant during the experiment, as reactant given, contain some perilous substances that are detrimental to human body. Subsequently, with the use of two different concentration of acetyl acetate during the experiment, the result and calculation of yield and rate of reaction could be analyzed. The result tabularize based on the two different concentration should show a vast divergence. The 0.2M of ethyl acetate should possess a higher yield and rate of reaction according to the hypothesis of the experiment. Before proceeding to the conclusion, students are supposed to go through some discussion on the experiment. The points to be discussed are namely preventative measure and the factors affecting the rate of reaction. As a final point, the conclusion, it concludes whether the hypothesis of the experiment corresponds with the actual experiment performed. Tentatively the conclusion should support the hypothesis of the experiment, which is, as the concentration of ethyl acetate increases, the rate of reaction and conversion also increases. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) Material balance with chemical reaction 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Over the years, heaps of researches have been done to capitalize on the yield, conversion and increase the rate of reaction. These three factors are the point in which have close connection with the profit of the company. By increasing the yield it means more production generate with a standard amount of reactant used. As for rate of reaction, rationally, the faster the rate of reaction the greater the production rate within a certain period. During the experiment, batch process is employed as a medium for chemical reaction between sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate to take place. The reaction produces sodium acetate and ethanol every thirty minutes, recording was taken every one minutes to note down the conductivity values. The whole process of obtaining the product from sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate, consist of batch process, closed system, law of conversion and also saponification reaction. Batch process, is a process when a fixed charge of raw material is introduced and the products withdrawn before the cycle repeat. A closed system is a system where no material crosses the system boundary. As for The Law of Conservation of Energy it states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change its form. Lastly For unsteady state process, it means, not all of the conditions in the process remain constant with time or the flows in and out of the system can vary with time. 1.2 Aim The aim of this experiment on material balance with chemical reaction is to allow students to employ the principle of material balance with chemical reaction for batch reaction by determining the yield, conversion and reaction rate. The purpose is to allow students to understand the change of reaction, when the concentrated NaoH react with ethyl acetate in a reactor as time passes by. With the knowledge of it, we will then be able to understand the saponification reaction of NaoH with ethyl acetate solution. 1.3 Hypothesis The hypothesis of the experiment is that during the Saponification reaction between NaOH and Ethyl acetate solution in the reactor, the concentration of NaOH would decrease due to the number of NaOH molecules being used for the reaction to produce sodium acetate. Furthermore, by increasing the concentration of ethyl acetate, the rate of reaction will also be increased 2. Theory 2.1 Introduction of Theory The role of the theory below is to give a more detailed explanations on saponification, batch process, conversion, yield, rate of reaction and conductivity, so that is can allow students to have a better perception on the experiment. 2.2 Batch Process Batch process is a process in which a fixed charge of raw material is introduced and the product is withdrawn before the cycle repeat. During the experiment, batch process is employed, as reactants are put in to the system for thirty minutes for reaction to take place. After which products are withdrawn and the apparatus used are sluice before another batch of reactant are introduced again. Owing to the change in concentration and production of new product, the reaction is categories under unsteady state. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) 2.3 Saponification Saponification is defined as a process where ester is hydrolyzed, forming an acid salt and an alcohol. For this experiment, students are suppose to apply the knowledge they acquired on saponification and react ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide and to produce sodium acetate and ethanol as the product of the reaction. Sodium acetate is form due to the displacement reaction which occurred during the overall reaction. The hydrogen in ester is displaced by the sodium ion in the sodium hydroxide, thus forming an acid salt; sodium acetate. The reaction is irreversible, hence once the product is formed, it cannot be re reacted to form the initial state of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. However, reaction could be accelerated with the use of a strong acid (concentrated sulphuric acid) as the catalyst of the reaction. (Richard Hamner, Green Mountain Soap Company 2006) 2.4 Conversion Conversion is a technique, when a feed is converted to products. The term conversion can also be defined mathematically as percentage conversion. Percentage conversion is derived by dividing; moles of key reactant that react, with mole of feed introduced and multiply it with 100%. A 100% conversion is not likely to occur in the lab, this is due to the restrain of mechanism, which deprived the ideal conversion to transpire. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) 2.5 Yield There are copious definitions for yield. The three generally prevalent definitions are yield based on feed, yield based on the reactant consumed and lastly yield based on the theoretical consumption of the limiting reactant. These three definitions are usually employed by chemical engineering industrial to guesstimate the yield of the products. Yield based on feed are exemplify to be; amount of desired product obtained, divided by amount of key reactant (limiting reactant fed). As for yield based on the reactant consumed, it is depict as; amount of desired products obtained, divided by amount of the key reactant consumed. Lastly as for yield based on the theoretical consumption of the limiting reactant; it is elucidate as; amount of product obtained, divided by the theoretical amount of products that would be obtained based on the limiting reactant if limiting reactant react completely. The usage of the formula varies from the given information. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) 2.6 Rate of Reaction Rate of reaction is the speed of the overall reaction; it can be affected by temperature, conductivity, pressure, concentration surface area, and also catalyst. 2.6.1 Temperature Temperature will radically affect the rate of reaction. The collision of particles is determined by the energy a particle possessed. With a higher temperature, it will cater the particles to have a higher energy, hence increase the effectiveness of collision, and eventually resulting to a faster rate of reaction (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.6.2 Pressure Pressure is defined as a condition of being compress. The increase of pressure will cater to a faster rate of reaction as the areas the particle have are smaller after compression. This therefore causes particle of be closely packet together which result to a higher frequency of collision between gaseous molecules. However, the increase of pressure is only applicable for gaseous molecules, as liquid and solid cannot be compressed (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.6.3 Concentration Increases of concentration mean that the presences of particles in a specific volume have increased. While the volume/ space remained constant, the quantity of the particles increases, these instigate the frequency of collision to be higher, and also enhancing in the effectiveness of collision. This effect on particles collision will encourage a faster rate of reaction during the reaction (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.6.4 Surface Area to Volume Ratio The bigger the size of the particles, the smaller the surface area for collision of particles, whereas, when the particles sizes are reduced, the chances of particles colliding in to each other will be higher. This is due to the increases in surface area of particles with it size are being reduce. Rate of reaction will therefore increases as frequency of collision increased (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.6.5 Presence of Catalyst Catalyst is defined as a substance that is capable of reducing the activation energy of particles without itself taking part in the reaction. Therefore with the presence of a catalyst, particles will have a higher energy than the activation energy. These will lead to a higher frequency of collision and also the much more effective collision. Rate of reaction will gradually increases with more collision taking place (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.7 Conductivity The conductivity values of sodium hydroxide is tantamount to the conductivity values of the solution, as the conductivity values of other reactants such as ethyl acetate, sodium hydroxide and ethanol are inconsequential. With the conductivity values of the solution ascertained, the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the reacting mixture can then be determined. The rate on how fast concentration of sodium hydroxide is depleting can that be easily achieved, by tabulating a graph (Copyright 2009 Russell Mainstream Supply Ltd) 3. Procedure 3.1 Preparation of Starting Reactant Before beginning with the experiment, students should go through and understand the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. The understanding of the data sheet is imperative as, without apposite understanding on the chemical used, perilous hazard might occur. The procedure on handling and disposal of chemical must be habituated before the beginning of the experiment. Students are handling with highly acidic concentrated reactant, therefore, disposable glove and chemical goggles should be putted on at all time during the experiment. 500mL of 0.01M of sodium hydroxide solution and 500mL of 0.01M ethyl acetate was the concentration needed to be prepared for this experiment. 500mL of 0.01M sodium hydroxide are suppose to be prepared, to do so, measuring cylinder was used to measure the required volume of 0.01M NaOH and poured in to a 500mL volumetric flask. De ionized water is poured in to the 500mL mark on the volumetric flask for dilution purposes. To ensure a fine dilution, flask should be covered with stopper and shake to ensure solution properly mixed. Preparation of 500mL of ethyl acetate solution was done by pouring 250mL of de ionized water into a 500mL volumetric flask, followed by measuring the stock solution using a micropipettor and dispenses it to the 500mL volumetric flask. Top up solution up to 500mL mark, and cover it with a stopper and shake the solution to ensure solution is well mixed. Experimental Setup Conductivity meter 1-litre reaction beaker Magnetic stirring device Conductivity probe Reacting mixture Retort stand Procedure During Experiment As the preparation of the sodium hydroxide solution is completed, solution is poured in to the reactor with the reaction conditions adjusted to predetermined level. The reaction conditions are directly related to the overall reactions; hence the recording of the condition is essential. Examples of the condition are, temperature, stirring speed, concentration and volume of reactions. Before the stirring process inaugurate, ensure that the conductivity meter probe is positioned into the reacting mixture and a stopwatch is ready for timing purposes. Ethyl acetate is to be poured in to the reactor, and recording should start immediately. While the solution is being stirred in the reactors, conductivity values are recorded at a regular interval of one minute for thirty minutes. After thirty minutes, reactor is stopped and a magnetic rod is used, to remove the magnetic stir bar in the reactor. The conductivity probe is then withdrawn and sluiced scrupulously with de ionized water. As for t he product, it is being disposed into a plastic waste container. The experiment is to be repeated based on the experimental methodology discussed with lecturer. However, to ensure consistency of the experiment, all glassware is to be rinsed. Once all the experiment is accomplished, all the equipments should be properly cleaned and chemical used are to be disposed in to the plastic waste container. Finally waste will be send to W314 for proper treatment before discarding and glassware used should be placed back to original location. Result and Calculation 4.2 Determination of the Yield of Sodium Acetate Determination of the yield of sodium acetate is associated with the concentration of sodium hydroxide. In tandem with the given information on the concentration of sodium hydroxide, the molar ratio employed can be dexterously deciphered. From here, calculation to verify the yield can be facilely obtained by using the mole, which is calculated using the molar ratio of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. Finally, utilize the formula of yield calculation and the determination of the yield of sodium acetate can be anatomized. 4.3 Yield and Rate of Conversion of 0.01M Ethyl Acetate Solution for 15 Minutes. Concentration of sodium hydroxide at one minute interval NaOH + CH3COOC2H5 à   C2H5OH + CH3COONa Theoretical Mole of NaOH = 0.01 X 0.5L = 0.005 mol Actual Mole of NaOH = 0.00156 X 0.5L = 0.00078mol Number of moles reacted = 0.005 0.00078 = 0.00422mol Conversion of NaOH= 0.00422/0.005 X 100% = 84.4% Theoretically, since 1 mole of NaOH react and form 1 mole of CH3COONa, actual mole of CH3COONa= 0.00078 Yield of CH3COONa= 0.00078/0.005 =0.156 4.4 Yield and Rate of Conversion of 0.02M Ethyl Acetate Solution for 15 Minutes Figure 4.4.2. Graph showing concentration of sodium hydroxide against time (0.02M of ethyl acetate used) NaOH + CH3COOC2H5 à   C2H5OH + CH3COONa Set 2 Theoretical mole of NaOH = 0.02 X 0.5L = 0.01 mol Actual mole of NaOH = 0.0017 X 0.5L = 0.00085mol Number of moles reacted = 0.01 0.00085 = 0.00915mol Conversion of NaOH= 0.00915/0.01 X 100% = 91.5% Theoretically, since 1 mole of NaOH react and form 1 mole of CH3COONa, actual mole of CH3COONa= 0.00085 Yield of CH3COONa= 0.00085/0.01 =0.085 4.5 Rate of Reaction of 0.01M of Ethyl Acetate Graph 4.5.1. Shows the rate of reaction of sodium hydroxide when 0.01M of ethyl acetate was added. Graph shown above is straight line. Gradient= 0.00265-0.0012 à · 20 1 = 0.0000763 (From the graph) 4.6 Rate of Reaction of 0.02M of Ethyl Acetate Graph 4.6.1.Shows the rate of reaction of sodium hydroxide when 0.02M of ethyl acetate was added. Graph shown above is straight line. Gradient= 0.00275 0.00125 à · 20 1 = 0.0000789 (From the graph) 5. Discussion 5.1 Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction As indicated above, there are numerous factors that are capable of affecting the rate of reaction however; the only applicable one is the differences in concentration as the rest (temperature and pressure) are kept constant. Based on the experiment did, as the volume and concentration increases, the rate of reaction also increases, this is   by virtue of the presence of more particles in the solution, hence increasing the chances of particles colliding to each other, which eventually result in an increase in the rate of reaction. Below is a graph to further elaborate on the explanation on the difference in concentration. The judgment on the rate of reaction is based on the steepness of the graph. As shown, the black line which contains 0.02M of ethyl acetate has a slower rate of reaction as compared to the one in red which is 0.01M of ethyl acetate. This repudiated the hypothesis of this experiment. The dialectics of this contradiction is, there might be source of contaminant on apparatus or solution used. 5.2 Factors Affecting Conversion and Yield The ideal rate of conversion and yield will never be actualize under school environment or even in industries. As, in school students are using eye sight as a gauge for the experiment which indubitably cause error due to parallax error, as for industries, despite being able to afford high cost machines and computer, the cunctation between human and machines will cause an slight differ on the rate of conversion and yield. 5.3 Factors Affecting Conductivity Values As mention on the theory section, the conductivity values of ethyl acetate are imperceptible; therefore the conductivity rate of sodium hydroxide is employed instead. During the experiment, 2 different concentration of ethyl acetate was used. The first set of experiment, we used a concentration of 0.01M. It produces a constant decreasing rate at every one minute interval. This shows that while the moles of sodium hydroxide are depleting, conductivity value to decreases too. As for the second set of experiment, the same things occurred but at a same rate as the first set of the experiment. This contravene the theory, as suppositionally, the increases in concentration to 0.02M will cause the moles of sodium hydroxide to deplete at a faster rate, which result to a faster decreasing rate for conductivity. Again, the dialectics of this contradiction is, there might be source of contaminant on apparatus or solution used. 5.4 Precaution in Experiment As we all know, ethyl acetate are very volatile, it release harmful gas when it is expose to the environments. Therefore, adding of ethyl acetate into the volume metric flask must be carried out in the fume hood to prevent students from inhaling gases produced from ethyl acetate, which is harmful to human body. In addition, safety goggles and rubber gloves should be worn at all times during the experiment. This help to prevent students from having direct contact with the acid which might cause skin irritation of temporary loss of vision. 5.5 Comparison of Two Different Tests As two different concentrations were employed during the experiments, the result on yield and conversion rate will be different. 5.5.1 Comparison of the Yield of Two Different Tests Upon completion of experiments, the differences in yield were realised. The yield of 0.01M ethyl acetate was 0.156 and the yield of 0.02M ethyl acetate is 0.085. Theoretically, due to the increment in concentration, the yield of 0.02M of ethyl acetate should be higher as, since more reactants is used; it will rightfully result in more products being formed. However, as mention above, there might be chances of the reactants or apparatus used being contaminated, which result in the huge differences between the yields. 5.5.2 Comparison of the Conversion Rate The conversion rate of 0.01M of ethyl acetate was 84.4% and the conversion rate of 0.02M of ethyl acetate was 91.5%. The result shown was excellent, as high conversion rate will mean that, majority of the reactant was fully utilized, hence saving cost. 6. Conclusion Based on experiment, I can construe that the higher the concentration of ethyl acetate, it will result to a much faster rate of reaction, and a higher rate of conversion. The conductivity value is interred related and proportioned to the concentration of sodium hydroxide. Therefore, since observation and hypothesis are similar, the hypothesis is true. The aim of the experiment are also fulfilled, as scrutiny of the experiment have verify that, while the concentration of ethyl acetate got higher, the rate of reaction and rate of conversion increases. In addition, adding of catalyst or increasing surrounding temperature could also result in a faster rate of reaction which tantamount to an increment in rate of conversion.

There Are Four Main Sources Of Irish Law

There Are Four Main Sources Of Irish Law There are four main sources of Irish Law. Pick one of these sources and examine it in detail as it affects the Early Childhood Care and Education area. Law does not come from one source and can change with time. Previously Brehan Law was Irelands native law, up until it was replaced by Common Law when Ireland was taken over by Great Britain. Now post British rule Irish law is taken from The Irish Constitution, 1937, Legislation passed by our government (primary and secondary), Case law and European Union law, these are the main sources but some other sources are Public International law, Cannon law, custom, media and Scholarly writing. In order to examine Case Law in Ireland it is important first to explore the definitions of law, it s place in Irish society. It is necessary to be aware of the process of law making in Ireland, who it affects and how it is practiced and it is enforced. The name given to the science of law is Jurisprudence. The laws of nature have always existed but Legal laws are put there by humans. Moral and ethics can drive humans to regulate behaviour, e.g. to use manners and to wait in turn, to respect each others land and not to steal. Rules of moral value are sometimes governed by the good conscience and fear of other peoples opinions, in Irish societal history this is evident in the times of Roman Catholic influence and is greatly linked to religious beliefs, but most moral laws are also tied in and related with legal rules especially if they are seen to cause a harm to society. E.g. murder, rape, pollution. The collection of people forming the Irish society has a set of rules in which they must abide by. Laws are set for the common good of the society and by the society to ensure that a certain standard of behaviour is maintained by that society. Legal law in Ireland does not just cover harm to the society; it also regulates private human acts such as suicide, abortion and animal cruelty. These legal rules are enforced on society through the court system. If there were to be no law system in Ireland it would be faced with anarchy. Law can be defined as The written and unwritten body of rules, derived from custom, formal enactment or judicial decision, which are recognised as binding on persons who constitute a community or state, so that they will be imposed upon and enforced among those persons by appropriate sanctions. (Cited by Murdoch.) H, 1998) The Irish Constitution, 1937 as the main source of law in Ireland is a written document containing the rules that are applied to the state. It contains the fundamental rights of the Irish people and also the regulations for its Government, the regulations for administration of justice. It also holds regulations on the division between the judicial branches of the state and the executive legislative branches of the state. The constitution has enumerated rights to equality, to personal liberty, to life of the unborn and equally to the mother, to freedom of speech, freedom to associate, freedom of assembly, family rights and protection, Inviolability of the dwelling, the right to education(with parental primacy, freedom to private property, to religious freedom and to directive principles through social policy. Some rights that are also implied by the Constitution are the rights of the child, the right to know the identity of ones birth mother, the right to earn a living, the right to strike, the right to dissociate, the right to travel, the right to protect ones health, the right to bodily integrity, the right to marry and form a family, the right to communicate, the right to silence, the right to privacy, the right to life of the individual, the right to legal representation, the rights to fair procedures in decision making, the right to access to legal advice and the rights to fair procedure in decision making. The Constitution lays out all the important rights that the society needs in order to live positively and in harmony and it is up to the state to protect the rights of society by enacting legislation. Any legislation that does not protect the rights according to the constitution is not legally binding. Outside of European Law, the Oireactas is the name of the only place in Ireland that can make laws for the state. It consists of the President and Dail Eireann and Seanad Eireann (the two houses of Oireactas.) A new law starts as a bill which is a proposition for a new legislation which is usually initiated by the government who will have already consulted it with other bodies that it may affect. In some cases the government will set up a green paper containing its ideas and ask for views and feedback on those ideas from individuals and groups of people. This bill must pass through both the houses of Oireactas though it usually starts off in the Dail Eireann. The Dail will then examine and debate its contents and suggest changes or additions to the bill. The members will then vote on whether to pass the bill or not to pass it. The bill will then be travelled to the Seanad Eireann and they will go through the same process again. They can then decide to pass the bill without any changes needed, the can decide not to pass it at all or they may decide to send it back to the Dail Eireann with more changes to be discussed. If the Seanad dont agree with the bill or asks for the Dail to make more changes it will lapse 180 days later, but the Dail can still pass the bill within the deadline once it has passed through the both houses the Seanad only has the power of suggestion and of slowing the process down. The Taoiseach then passes the bill to the President of Ireland to be signed. The President has the ultimate power then to pass the bill, if the president thinks that the bill may be unconstitutional he/she is entitled to further consultation with the council of state. It is sent to the Supreme Court to be discussed further. If the president does sign the bill it becomes an Act which means it is a Legal/statute law. This law must stay consistent to the constitution or else it is not valid. Legislation can also be delegated to and implemented through use of statutory instruments; this is known as secondary legislation or subordinate legislation. This means some power is passed down to an executive authority to administer and implement the requirements that are needed to fulfil a primary legislation given by the legislature. The Childcare Act that was passed in 1991 is an example of a Primary Legislation. Examples of secondary legislation can be seen within The Childcare Act. In one part The 1991 Childcare Act stated that; The Health Service Executive has a duty to promote the welfare of children who are not receiving adequate care and protection. (Cited in Citizens Advice, 2008) This lead to The Childcare (Placement of Children in Foster Care) Regulations, 1995. The Childcare (Placement of Children in Residential Care) regulations, 1995, and The Childcare (Placement of Children with Relatives) regulations, 1995. Also under The Childcare Act; the HSE is given the responsibility of ensuring the health, safety and welfare of children attending pre-schools (Cited in Citizens Advice, 2010) from this the Pre-school Service Regulations 2006 and Garda clearance for employees in childcare were created. When a law is seen to be broken or infringed in Ireland it must be taken to court. The courts will look at the behaviour in question and the definition of the law in question and see if the facts add up to an offence. There are two different classifications of law in Irish society. They can be described as Private Law / Public Law or Civil/Criminal Law. Private law deals with the relationships of individual people within Ireland, whereas Public Law deals with the relationships between Ireland as a state and the individual. The purpose of private law/ or civil law is to protect the interests of the individual persons in Ireland and give them rights to defend their interests with. If an individual person is rightfully wronged by another they can defend their interests civilly and orderly, and resolve the dispute in court. Some examples of private law cases are ones that deal with Landlord and tenant issues, Custody issues, personal injury and breach of contract issues. In usual circumstances there is a money pay out, compensation or an injunction Public Law/ or criminal law is concerned with the relationships of the individual and Ireland as a state and is of collective interest to the Irish society. It deals with actions by a person that are forbidden by the Irish as a state and these actions are punishable through imprisonment, community service or fines. Acts such as murder, sale of drugs and sexual assaults are dealt with before the public courts. This is done in a public court scene in most cases as it is a crime against the public, whereas it may endanger or distress the victim exceptions are made and their identities are kept hidden. Procedural/or substantive law is the set of legal rules that are exercised by the court. This outlines the procedure by which the law is to be enforced through the courts and the rules of evidence and forms the courts structure. Some examples of the substantial law used in a civil court would be Property law, Contract law or Tort law. Constitutional law, Administrative law, criminal Law and Public International Law are seen in Public law cases. In interpreting the legislations in the court, the court must be certain of the intentions of the legislature at the time that it was passed. The court has three rules to put into place if they are unsure of the legislation, if it is unclear to them or if it is appearing to show more than one meaning. The literal rule which means that the judge keeps to the ordinary meanings of the words according to the legislation, The golden rule which means that if by following the literal rule this leads to an absurd result then the literal rule must be changed and finally the mischief rule which means that the judge may investigate as to why the legislation was proposed to be certain of what particular mischief it was set up to fix or prevent or what or who it was meant to protect. In the unlikely case the Dail reports may be necessary to interpret the unclear legislation. Ireland like, England, America, Australia and New Zealand is part of a common law jurisdiction. This means in common with the other countries the Irish state uses previous court decisions to help them to make decisions in other cases. The previous cases are kept within law reports. Law that is more so shaped from judicial decision and precedents rather than statute is known as Case law and they govern the impact that court decisions will have on future cases. It comes more from jurisprudence than it is does legislation, though it serves to determine the legality of existing laws and can check or put more of a balance to the law that is put in place by the legislators. Case law is the overall decisions that are reported by courts which are known as the courts of first impression. They make new interpretations of the law. They can be then be cited as precedents. The process in action is known as stare decisis. New Interpretations are then distinguished from statutory law. When the Irish Parliament passes a legislation, although a great deal of research goes into the anticipation of how well it will work, nobody knows if it works until it is tested in court. When it is applied or interpreted in a particular way, especially when a new direction or diffentiation appears, the case will often be reported so that other courts will follow this new interpretation in the interests of keeping consistency. The higher the court, the more significant this will be. If a case is appealed and reaches the High Court or the Supreme Court, then the lower courts will have to apply the law in the same way as in that upper court unless the case before them has some significant difference. That is why case law is important. It acts as a guide for judges, magistrates and lawyers. One simple example of case law in action might be when actors in the television series Law and Order cite court decisions to the prosecutor to convince her that they have a case against a certain person. Something like States vs. Jackson supports the idea that the defendant was guilty of felony murder. Case Law is an area which was previously contained within the confines of ones own country has assumed international proportions and that therefore one is not concerned simply with domestic case law. References;

Why Should One Have Humility :: essays research papers

Why Should One Have Humility? Humility is a human characteristic, where one realizes their own insignificance in comparison to other people or circumstances. In a spiritual aspect, humility means putting God and others ahead of our own selfish interests. In Chesterton's short story called "A Defense of Humility", He states, "Humility is luxurious art of reducing ourselves to a point, not to a small thing or large one, but a thing with no size at all, so that to it all the cosmic things are what they really of immeasurable stature." Humility is an important characteristic that one should have. When one looks at other people first before themselves, they have Humility. By one realizing their own insignificance in comparison to other people will show that his is caring or considerate not selfish or prideful. Having humility shows the world just how humble one's state of mind may be. The most well known quote from the Bible spoken by Jesus was The Golden Rule, this small quote contains a large amount of wisdom. In order to receive love one must give love first. If one wants to gain respect or be respected, one must give respect to others first even the ones that may be considered one?s enemy. If we wish to live a life that feels fulfilling, we must give openheartedly with others. Do to others, as you would have them do to you. "If you love those who love you, what credit is that to you? Even 'sinners' love those who love them. In addition, if you do well to those who are good to you, what credit is that to you? Even 'sinners' do that. In addition, if you lend to those from whom you expect repayment, what credit is that to you? Even 'sinners' lend to 'sinners,' expecting to be repaid in full. However, love your enemies, do well to them, and lend to them without expecting to get anything back. Then your reward will be great, and you will be sons of the Most High, b ecause he is kind to the ungrateful and wicked. (NIV, Luke 6:31-35) When having Humility, we tend to try and not minimize our work, but we do observe it by thinking of things in a "big picture? point of view. If one is a successful businessperson, one may wonder if he has a duty to be reasonable and truthful as a witness to others.

Napoleons Failure to Dominate Europe Essay -- history

Napoleon's Failure to Dominate Europe A ruler's reputation comes from the change that he inflicts upon his subjects, territory, and surrounding lands. Napoleon Bonaparte rose into power during the French Revolution, causing drastic changes not only to France, but to the rest of Europe as well. His domestic and foreign policies were not always successful, but his ability to rule was undeniable. From his rising in power and reform of France, up until his military defeat in Russia, Napoleon succeeded in gaining a considerate amount of power and control. In France, Napoleon used his power to make many reforms in all aspects of life. He incorporated a national bank, public schools, and constructed new roads. With these changes, he also enforced the Concordat of 1801 and the Napoleonic Codes of Law. While the Concordat focused mainly on Church affairs, the Code Napoleon covered a broad spectrum of new ideas and reforms. Code Napoleon made France "more peaceful at home than it had been for many years," (Modern Times 58) and it was one of his "most lasting domestic achievements." (World History 641) It was made to have one code of laws for all of France, instead of many separate legal systems. The Civil Code recognized each individual's equality and privileges. Some other changes included the supporting of religious toleration, right of divorce, and civil marriage. Private property, inheritance, and business laws were affected as well. Promotion for civil and military offi...

The Significance of Adult Education

Adult education encompasses planned and organized activities that consists of classes, lecture series, group study and systematic discussions and conference which involves mature men and women acquire new knowledge, understanding, attitudes, interests and values as a means of adapting and coping up with dramatic changes happening in the modern society and environment. It is dedicated to learning improvement and extension of opportunity for adults (encyclopedia Americana). Adult education is a form of continuing education that serves as a way of expanding horizons, developing understanding, creating meaningful activities and bridging the gap between generations. It has a critical role in a rapidly changing world by providing information and knowledge that people need in dealing with changing conditions. It is of great help in perceiving and solving crucial issues of the times. It can be a tool also for sustaining social relationship among aged adults. Adult education is the practice of teaching and educating adults. Adult education takes place in the workplace, through ‘extension' or ‘continuing education' courses at secondary schools, or at colleges or universities. Other learning places include folk high schools, community colleges, and lifelong learning centers. The practice is also often referred to as ‘Training and Development ‘and is often associated with workforce or professional development. It has also been referred to as andragogy (to distinguish it from pedagogy). Adult education is different from vocational education, which is mostly workplace-based for skill improvement; and also from non-formal adult education, including learning skills or learning for personal development. Programs provide one to one tutoring and small group sessions for adults at the 6th grade level or below. Public libraries, nonprofit organizations and school systems administer these programs across the country. Many adult education centers from community colleges receive grants from Welfare and Unemployment departments to offer training to welfare and unemployment recipients to help these individuals gain life and work skills to facilitate their return to the mainstream. They also provide programs for ex-offenders to reintegrate to society. There are underlying factors and forces which paved way for the development and improvement of Adult education. Changes in technological processes, in communication, in knowledge in social organization and in patterns of living implies that a modern man must constantly learn new ideas, new facts, new skills and new attitudes to keep up with the progress of the society. Through this kind of formal literacy education, adults develop the sincerity and aim to learn those things they need to know in order to cope effectively with the real life situation. Adult education is simply a continuation and way of improving prior knowledge of matured individuals. It believes and wanted to prove that adults are pragmatic learners. Adults frequently apply their knowledge in a practical fashion to learn effectively. They must have a reasonable expectation that the knowledge recently gained will help them further their goals. One example, common in the 1990s, was the proliferation of computer training courses in which adults (not children or adolescents), most of whom were office workers, could enroll. These courses would teach basic use of the operating system or specific application software. Because the abstractions governing the user's interactions with a PC were so new, many people who had been working white-collar jobs for ten years or more eventually took such training courses, either at their own whim (to gain computer skills and thus earn higher pay) or at the behest of their managers. Adults by social definition, individual need, and institutional expectation are responsible people that seek to enhance their identity through learning that further develop their competence. They have a strong need to apply what they have acquired and in order for them to be competent in that application, there is a reciprocal needs of interaction between them and the rapidly changing environment to produce a powerful desire for more knowledge.

Diversity in instructional methods toward meaningful learning Essay

Abstract There is diversity in instructional methods that teachers can use to bring about meaningful learning. This paper discusses five of them; namely integrated inquiry approach, 5-model of inquiry, the jig-sawing approach, role playing and WebQuest. These instructional methods are learner centered methods that consider prior knowledge, attitude and skills and promote development of new knowledge and relate them to a variety of contexts. All of them also deal with real-life situations that essentially develop interpersonal relationships, problem-solving skills and content-knowledge among others. The teachers’ tasks are to plan and carry out efficiently the instructional designs to have meaningful learning among diverse learners, instructional methods and learning environments. Diversity in Instructional Methods Toward Meaningful Learning Diversity is an essential ingredient of success of all ventures in life including education. There are different kinds of learners as there are teachers, instructional methods and learning environments; but there is only one goal in education and this is for an effective and meaningful learning. Teachers should set environments for students so they could think critically and independently and relate new knowledge learned with a variety of contexts for meaningful learning. It is the task of the teachers to match the learners, the learning environments, the knowledge to be learned and the instructional methods. Learning meaningfully means that learners relate new knowledge to what they already know. Meaningful learning is non-arbitrary, non-verbatim, substantive deliberate effort to link new knowledge with higher order concepts in cognitive structures. It is a learning related to experiences with events or objects and affective commitment to relate new knowledge with prior learning. The diverse instructional designs towards meaningful learning should identify outcomes, guide the development of instruction content and establish its effectiveness. Efforts to consider meaningful learning in the different stages of instructional design are essential. Gagne et al. (1992) identified the different stages of instructional designs as: defining instructional goals; conducting instructional analysis; identifying entry behaviours and learner characteristics; developing performance objectives; selecting an instructional method; assembling instructional materials and planning formative and summative evaluations. He and his colleagues further cited that current educational theory and researches support the use of instructional methods that make students active learners. Among the diverse instructional methods available to teachers to explore and use, the commonly utilized approach towards construction of new knowledge meaningfully are the problem –based learning and inquiry approach, cooperative learning, and technology strategies. Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages, but when used effectively can maximize learning. Problem-Based and Inquiry Approach Students in the problem-based and learning inquiry approach engage in meaningful learning through being actively involved in their own learning and reconstructing these based on their experiences. They further participate in active investigation, more of integrating knowledge rather than separating them so that deep understanding develop from acquisition of new facts. In this method, students are given relevant problems by teachers which inquiry must be done. The general steps in this inquiry approach are: identifying the problems, gathering of data, organizing the data in attempt to analyse the problems and analyses of the strategies to use to solve the problems. Integrated Inquiry In the Integrated Inquiry planning process, a model of inquiry approach developed by K. Murdoch, sequences of activities and experiences are developed to build on and challenge student perceptions. These sequences begin with students’ prior knowledge and experiences and move through deliberate processes wherein that knowledge is extended, challenged and refined. Students have their own prior experiences that they bring to their classes and teachers should be aware of how to address this situation. Activities and learning experiences in this model are grouped as: tuning on, finding out, sorting out, going further, making conclusions and taking actions (Murdoch, 1999). Furthermore, planning for assessment is a very important element of planning for Integrated Inquiry. Murdoch (1999) highlights the need for the collection and analysis of information about what and the how students have learned. The assessment in the Integrated Inquiry model is to determine how to improve student learning as these new information help teachers modify their plans of work to suit the needs of the learners. Students’ involvement in planning for assessment as in selecting responses to particular learning experiences and designing demonstrations of understanding are highly encouraged. Therefore, teachers are also tasked to identify and design learning experiences that will provide information for assessment purposes. The strengths of this model are focussed on assessment of learning in context and encouraging a variety of demonstrations of understanding based on the learning experiences that students undertake. Learners that may benefit most from this Integrated Inquiry Approach are those capable of setting goals in their own learning and significantly contribute in determining how assessment could be effectively done. 5-E Model In the book â€Å"Activities for Teaching Science as Inquiry† by Carin, Bass & Contant (2005) many laboratory investigations were cited as inquiry approach to learning. They focused on the 5-E Instructional Model with the five main components identified as Engagement, Exploration, Explanation, Elaboration and Evaluation. Each of these components is learner-centred. This investigatory method maybe time and resource consuming but it allows the learners to develop critical thinking and problem solving skills experientially. The use of this method is not limited to teaching sciences, which are considered to be not very easy subjects. This experiential learning brings more opportunities for learners to bring forth better understanding and longer retention of knowledge learned. Cooperative Learning Cooperative learning is an instructional method that takes place in a small group of learners of different levels of ability and in environments of responsibility not only for their own understanding of the subject but also for his co-learners. It brings more meaning to learning because it provides shared cognitive sets of information between students, motivating them to learn the materials, ensuring that they construct their own knowledge, providing formative feedback, developing social and group skills necessary for success outside the classroom. Cooperative leaning promotes learning and academic achievement, increases retention and satisfaction with their learning experiences among students, helps develop skills in oral communication, social skills, promotes student self-esteem and fosters mutual responsibility. Although this method helps students learn to be more patient, less critical and more compassionate, some students may find difficulty with this method. Students who work alone find difficulty in sharing answers while aggressive students will tend to take over and brighter students to act superior to the rest. Teachers who will employ cooperative should prepare their students how to work in groups for this method to be successful. Jig Sawing Approach The â€Å"Jig Sawing† Approach is a cooperative learning strategy wherein students becomes an â€Å"expert† in a particular area, then shares his or her learning knowledge with other members of the group that eventually all members of the group learn the concepts. In the Modified Jigsaw, the class is divided into equal expert groups, with each of these groups working on isolated portions of the activity. Once each expert group has completed the tasks, they report their findings as group to the class. Group report allows for greater flexibility in student presentation style and prevents the possibility of unintentionally misrepresentation of information (Beaudrie et al. 1998). This method best suits heterogenous learners across disciplines. It provides opportunities for learners to show various competencies. Moreover, students are more comfortable to exchange ideas with their co-learners because of their dynamic open relationship. Role playing Another instructional method of interest is role playing. It also deals with solving problems but through actions. In role playing, problems are identified, explored through actions and discussed. The students input in their role playing their prior knowledge, values and attitudes. A role-playing strategy seems to work best when there are multiple correct approaches to solving problems. It encourages thinking and creativity to develop and practice new behaviours in non-threatening setting. It provides opportunities for students to explore further their feelings; gain more insights about their attitudes and also enhance their problem solving skills. It also promotes effective interpersonal relations. The learning in these role playing activities are meaningful as they are retained longer and hoped to be of use to the real life of the learners. Terms which are used, often interchangeably with role playing are â€Å"simulation,† â€Å"game,† â€Å"role-play,† â€Å"simulation-game,† â€Å"role-play simulation,† and â€Å"role-playing game†. Role playing dynamically promotes effective interpersonal relationships and social transactions among learners. Technology Supported Approach Technology provides a set of tool for addressing the issues on improving student learning. These issues are of providing more of learners’ time on authentic, challenging tasks with rich contexts with emphasis on multi-disciplinarity; changing of role of teachers to facilitators of knowledge that guide students and learn along with them; students working in an environment of more cooperative relationships that encourages communication and access to real-world examples towards the development of learning communities; and with greater emphasis placed on reflective thinking and productivity with the understanding that students will preform their tasks differently and have different task-relevant skills ( Grabe and Grabe, 2004). WebQuest WebQuest, the model developed by Bernie Dodge, is an inquiry-oriented lesson format in which most or all the information that learners work with comes from the web. WebQuests is most often a group activity in a library or distance education setting. It may be enhanced by wrapping motivational elements around the basic structure by giving the learners a role to play, simulated personae to interact with via e-mail, and a scenario to work within. They can be designed within a single discipline or they can be interdisciplinary (Dodge, 1997). The WebQuest challenges he learner to be creative in problem-solving. In the world of education, there are so many instructional designs that can be utilized to end up with meaningful learning. No instructional method is better than the other but each one in the hands of a committed and learned teacher can merit students across academic levels and disciplines to bring about meaningful learning. References Beaudrie, B. , Slater,T. F. , Stevenson, S. & Cadit, D. (1998). Teaching astronomy by internet jigsawing. Leading and Learning with Technology Journal, 26. , Retrieved December 13, 2007 from http://www. aem. umn. edu. Carin, A. A, Bass, J. E & Contant T.L. (2005). Activities for Teaching Science As Inquiry. NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Dodge, B. (1997). Some thoughts about WebQuests . Retrieved December 13, 2007 from http://webquest. sdsu. edu/about_webquests. html. Gagne, R. M. , Briggs, L. J. , & Wager, W. W. (1992). Principles of Instructional Design . TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. Grabe, M. & Grabe C. (2004). Integrating Technology for Meaningful Learning. NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. Murdoch, K. (1998) Classroom Connections: Strategies for Integrated Learning. Melbourne: Eleanor Curtain Publishing.

The Fraud of the Century

Bernard Madoff was a creditable man that people trusted him with their money because â€Å"he created an image of power, trust and responsibility. † (Ferrel, 2013, p. 416) He was able to scam and scheme his investors from the early 1990s up until December of 2008 when his Ponszi scheme was discovered. Over the course of a decade he was simultaneously running a legitimate business and earned his investors’ trust because he didn’t make any promises of unbelievable returns. He was a financial expert, served as chair on NASDAQ, and a seat on the government advisor board on stock market regulations.These titles have added to his creditability and people didn’t question him when they hand over their money. He wasn’t able to continue with his scheme and cover it up once the economy started collapsing in the late 2008. This was when his scheme was starting to expose because he wasn’t able to pay back his clients when they requested for their money ba ck. March of 2009 he plead guilty to the charges and later in June 2009 he was sentenced to 150 years in prison. It’s amazing how he was able to pull the fraud of for so long without anybody questioning his strategy.As early as 1992, federal regulators were investigating Madoff and the investigation was dismissed because there was no improper trading practices found. In fact from 1992-2005, his business was continuously being interviewed and investigated, but no wrongdoing was found. In 2006, his business was registered with SEC and that’s when they found misleading behaviors and in 2008 there was an alert stating all his records maybe pointed to possible corruption. Even with the 2008 alert, the allegations were dismissed and no further investigations would happen.Finally in 2009, SEC received enough evidence to convict him of his fraud because two of Madoff’s investors filed a lawsuit against the SEC. The way he conducted business was unethical because not onl y did he mislead his clients but also he misled his friends and family. He was able to gain their trust and con his way through a long prosperous deceiving investment. People were guided and yet blind sighted by his character. Another unethical business transaction was using money from an illegal business to cover up the losses for his legal one.Not only that when he needed quick cash to try and save his scheme in 2008, he solicited and even  threatened some of his clients for more money to invest. This is an ethical issue because the clients felt guilty for not being a better client and investing more into this â€Å" privilege† and exclusive† investment opportunity. I think that Bernard Madoff was not operating alone. I think his family was somewhat suspicious and went along with the operation but did not know entirely what was going on. I think with their experience and knowledge, they should have questioned when Madoff chose to hire inexperienced and uneducated pe ople to work for his investment management business.I think they chose to ignore the situation because of his high and respectable reputation. Also because he was family and they felt that he wouldn’t harm them. I think that in order to avoid this type of Ponzi scheme, an audit should be done every year along with any transaction of high value. Some type of documents and records of investments should be easily assessable for investors to follow and understand. Clients should be able to view their portfolio at any given time.

Feeding Program Report Essay

CAT’s Feeding Program provides a healthy, fresh and nutritious meal to the kids who were in hunger or else to the areas wherein we can see that the people cannot really accommodate their meals clearly. This program also desires to give free meals to those children who where in the particular place that we are destined to go to. Feeding is a tool, which today effectively enables hundreds of millions of poor children worldwide to be sustained to their meals—in developed and developing countries alike. This paper describes the benefits of CAT feeding and how this well-proven tool can be scaled up and specifically targeted to address some of the key constraints to universal primary health completion. One of the advantages of CAT feeding is that, in addition to enabling health status, it has positive direct and indirect benefits relating to a number of other development goals (namely for gender equity, poverty and hunger reduction, partnerships and cooperation, care and prevention, and improvements in health and other social indicators). Some of those implications are discussed herein as well. Even in the most-developed nations, there are hungry children who can be helped by school meals. Through this program, we can help the poor people to at least give them meals so that their hunger will be removed. We, the CAT officers, are the ones who personally made and planned the meals to be cooked. We prepared the meals carefully and cook the meals deliciously so that it would be worth for the children who were eating the meals. We can assure to the children that were eating the meals that we had prepared were all clean and healthy since in has the nutritious ingredients like carrots and sweet potato. We also add some seasonings to the meal so that it would be more delicious and that the children would be very happy to the meal that they were eating. The program tries to close the people’s hunger gap by bringing food to children across the street. Run by the school that funded primarily by the CAT officers, the program offers a safe location for children to eat meals and get free food to take home to their families. At least, in our own simple ways we could help to close the people’s hunger. And through this simple way of helping them closing their hunger, we could also give them nutrition. The objectives of the program are to value the health of every people in the community, to have cooperation while giving foods to others, and to discipline the child’s behavior. And through this program, the children learned how to give, they learned through cooperation and the target objectives were happened. Content/Body On the day of the Feeding Program, it was an exciting day for me since it was my first time to experience that one. Our assembly place was our school and our assembly time was 6:30-7:00 am and I came up late at the school because of the fact that when I came up there, they were only few of them who were there. So, when I came there, there was them and after a few minutes I began to help them. I help them repacking the juice; I also help them chopping the ingredients into small dices. After doing all those preparations, we began cooking. Our teacher divided into three different groups that’s why I am sure it will be easy for the meal to be cooked. We also have three large pots where we can cook the meal. Our group leader was Sinclair F. Seno, I know that he really knows how to cook and besides, he is a skillful person whom I trust on. I trust him that he could make our meal so delicious and he really does. Through his experiences in cooking and on his determination to finish cooking, he made it very fine. And then the other group’s meals were also already cooked. Afterwards, we were preparing so that we can now go to our designated area. The area we will distribute the meals that we had prepared. Then we went to the chapel of their place and tell all the residents that we will be giving out free food and meals. So, we have been working out and then the residents began going out and went to us to ask for food and we also gave them. We also gave them juice so that they will not choke the food that they eat. From the start, the residents were too little and it seems that the food that we had prepared were too much for the people that we are giving food. But when we had announced from each of their homes that we are giving food for free, they were immediately going our from their houses and went to us for food. We were so very happy because it is relieving to the heart that you can help to stop the people’s hunger just in a very simple way. This program is also a way in helping them out of the state of hunger. We also take some videos and pictures for our documentary and also as a remembrance for having this first activity of our CAT. After giving free foods for them, we also immediately clean up the area that we had used and go back again to our school. We wash all those large pots and other things that we had use for cooking. After cleaning those things, we had our picture taking. Together all of us, we had worked out for this event to be successful I enjoy this event and really had fun. Observation I had observed from our program that handling this kind of program is not that easy because you need to have the cooperation between the officials from the place and also from the administration from the office of the school and without their cooperation, the program would be nothing. Also I had observed that without the cooperation of the officers, it wouldn’t be a big success to this program. I had seen that all of us were working together for us to finish this kind of job for the day. We work hard together for us to make this program very successful. This program is also with the residents who support our program. Who were there to ask for food and support what we were doing. This kind of program is not really easy. It really needs time to plan and enough budgets so that the needs would be completed. This program needs to be planned carefully so that the result would be very nice and that the program would be very successful. Recommendation This kind of program should be improved. This program must be in a proper way of having a program. Maybe this should have a list of program so that we can also entertain the children who were there. We can also have games for the children so that they would not only enjoy the food that they eat but also they will be happy and because of the games that will be prepared for them. We can also give them toys (used or donated) so that they would delight the things that will be given to them. We can also perform some intermission numbers for them to be entertained. At least through this simple ways, we could bring joy to their lives and make them happy for this time. This kind of program would be very interesting because it can really help a lot for the children. Conclusion In the current years, the population of the world is getting bigger and bigger and we are not really sure if they can still accommodate their needs and if they can still feed themselves. That is why we have this program to help the people’s hunger to be removed. Giving also nutritious foods to the children could be the best way for them to be provided with adequate nutrition. And also through the food that they eat, it could also energize their day. Therefore, I conclude that this program is for the benefit of the people who are in the state of poverty and hunger.

Understanding project management techniques Coursework

Understanding project management techniques - Coursework Example Understanding project management techniques However, the few who work from home need to make available their systems at local centers for upgradation and another 10 percent of the systems with JAWS screen reader software need special skills to upgrade to Windows 7. Every project poses problems to project managers and a structured method to problem-solving is required to expose and handle the problem as well as expose other unknown problems that expose the project to risks (Walker, 2011). This project can be effectively managed through use of the most relevant project management tools and techniques. Planning, designing, implementing, monitoring, and completion are the different stages through which the project needs to be taken through successfully to upgrade all the 400 systems of the company. The tools that are available and which can be used for the project will be identified; evaluated and relevant tools and techniques will be used to understand the same. Tools like: Gantt chart, logic network, PERT chart, product breakdow n structure and work breakdown structure are some of the tools that will be evaluated for use in this project. Further, risk management in the project will also be discussed for implementation. A Gantt chart is a frequently used project management tool that provides a graphical representation of a planning and coordinating schedule and also helps track specific tasks of a project. It is a horizontal bar chart serving as a project control tool. The horizontal axis of the chart represents the total time span of the project while the vertical axis represents the various activities or tasks. The horizontal bars can represent the sequences, time and the timing of the tasks. Gantt charts give the status of a project at any given time, but do not represent the interdependcies in the project which is a major drawback when it is important (Whatis.com, 2000). Sub-tasks of a particular task can be viewed using a Gantt chart as small manageable sub-tasks with their dependencies as arrows are illustrated along with other parallel processes, timeline of the project and the progress is tracked with the chart. With tools like OpenOffice, the progress of a task can be tracked in terms of pe rcentage with the dependencies of the sub-tasks also being documented; a Gantt chart automatically gives the start date of the task based on the dependencies (Louarne, 2003). A Gantt chart is also called a Bar chart where the bars represent the tasks and its length represents the time to complete the task (Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 2011). A Gantt chart is created by determining the necessary activities (roles), listing the man-hours required, responsibilities and the throughput time. a disadvantage with Gantt charts is that project that are too complex cannot communicate effectively through this chart as the interdependencies cannot be well developed using such a chart (Russell, 2010). All the tasks, sub-tasks, resources, schedules, etc. will be needed to be sorted out and represented using a Gantt chart for easy tracking of its progress. b) Logic Network As Gantt charts lack the convenience of representing interdependencies between events and activities within a project to give updated information on the project operations at any given time, networks of logic are constructed for this purpose. Valuable information for project planning, creating master plans by integrating plans, scheduling, resource management and timeline is made

Team Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Team Work - Essay Example e in providing services to the organization’s clients to be able to create a good relationship between employer and employee through initiating motivational plans, which are aimed at ensuring that the employee’s commitments are rewarded to enhance their satisfaction, which will ultimately translate to high quality productivity as well as encouraging employee low turnover. It results from the commitment, inclusion, and motivation of employees. Satisfaction efforts depend on the number of employees in an organization that is, a few employees are catered for easily while it is strenuous to cater for a large number of employees. In the case of WooWoo Widget Production Company, which has fifty employees a motivation plan is necessary to provide time-to-time pay and compensation plans in terms of money for achievements. Further, the plan must create opportunities relevant to employees’ talent and skills to enable them in the long-run get assurance for their job security (Janssen & Van Yperen, 2004). It is notable that, WooWoo’s main manufacturing challenges include product imperfection, high operational costs, and delivery delays. Therefore, the company should involve its employees in appraising operational inefficiencies that result to the escalation of costs (Schermerhorn et al., 2012). Thus, the amputation of such challenges motivates empl oyers and employees hence bringing about job satisfaction. Diligence, proper recruitment, and training are incentives for the realization of high quality work. The motivational plan structure should embrace such incentives and, therefore, make employees own the company dream, which can trigger increased productivity that is important for company success. In addition, the employers must keep track of their personnel progress in terms of training and emotional catering because some of the factors causing poor quality are not necessarily within the workplace. For instance, some employees may have family problems that in some